Hur utvecklade niels bohr atommodellen

Bland kritikerna fanns såväl Planck och "fysikernas påve" Albert Einstein. Einstein försökte vid flera tillfällen bevisa att Bohr och Heisenberg hade fel men lyckades aldrig. Kvantfysiken slår också fast att en elektron kan betraktas både som en partikel och som en vågrörelse. Att elektroner också kan betraktas som vågor lades fram som teori av Erwin Schrödinger Bohr förklarade att man måste betrakta elektronen både som en partikel och som en vågrörelse för att kunna beräkna dess bana så noggrant som möjligt. Einstein vände sig även mot denna teori men lyckades inte överbevisa Bohr här heller. Som vi såg flydde Bohr från Danmark under tyskarnas ockupation. Ett av skälen till att de allierade ville att Bohr skulle komma till Storbritannien var arbetet med att framställa en atombomb, vilket inletts i största hemlighet. Forskare hade i många år utsatt olika grundämnen för radioaktiv strålning och ofta häpnat över vad som skedde. Det tycktes som om grundämnen kunde "spricka" - det är för övrigt vad som händer när en atombomb exploderar.

Men vad som hände inne i atomens kärna begrep ingen riktigt. I mitten på talet var forskarna klara över att kärnan bestod av två sorters partiklar: neutroner och protoner. Varje grundämne har olika många neutroner och protoner i sin kärna. När en atomkärna bestrålas skickas en ny partikel in i kärnan. Men länge tycktes det fysikerna som om den bara försvann. Vad hände egentligen med den oerhört energirika partikel som sändes in i kärnan? Under flera år hade han grubblat på problemet. Under en föreläsning ställde han en rad frågor till föreläsaren.

DR's hovedindgange

Plötsligt avbröt sig Bohr mitt i en mening och satte sig ner med ett så utslätat ansiktsuttryck att hans studenter trodde att han blivit sjuk. Efter några sekunder reste han sig igen och sa med ett urskuldande leende:. Bohrs teori går ut på att atomens kärna kan ses som ett litet klot där protoner och neutroner ligger tätt sammanpackade. När en partikel skjuts in i kärnan, sätter alla kärnans delar sig i rörelse, och efter hand har någon partikel fått så stor energi att den stöts ut ur kärnan. Därigenom förändras antalet protoner och neutroner i atomkärnan, och ett nytt grundämne kan bildas. På så sätt kunde Bohr förklara kärnklyvningen och ge ett viktigt bidrag till utvecklingen av kärnkraft och atombomber. Elektronen kunde ju enligt Bohr ses som både en partikel och en vågrörelse. Han hävdade också att det gick att få en bättre bild av andra områden än fysik genom att betrakta motsägelser som olika sidor av samma sak. Han brukade berätta en kinesisk historia om tre vise män som för första gången smakade på vinäger, för kineserna en symbol för livets innehåll:.

Bohr deltog i projektet med atombomben och besökte flera gånger USA, men han hade starka samvetskval angående det nya vapnet. Han försökte övertyga USA:s och Storbritanniens ledare om att det skulle vara bäst att dela med sig av resultaten om atombomben till andra länder t. Genom ömsesidig tillit skulle risken för ett kärnvapenkrig minska kraftigt, sa Bohr. Men till en början lyssnade ingen. Efter andra världskriget var misstänksamheten stor mellan Sovjetunionen och USA, och det kalla kriget började. Ett tredje världskrig föreföll inte uteslutet. I ett berömt brev till FN underströk Bohr sin åsikt att det enda sättet att undvika ett kärnvapenkrig var utbyte av information mellan staterna. Vid en konferens i Genève år frisläppte stormakterna en stor del av sitt dittills hemligstämplade material till Bohrs belåtenhet. Kärnkraften betraktades nu som framtidens stora energikälla, som skulle ge mänskligheten obegränsade resurser. Få om ens någon anade då att kärnkraftens enorma säkerhetsproblem många år senare skulle leda till uppslitande politiska strider i en rad länder och att utbyggnaden av kärnkraft i flera fall skulle uppskjutas eller kraftigt skäras ner.

Bohr dog Efter att ha klagat på huvudvärk sa han att han skulle gå och lägga sig en stund. Kort därefter dog han. Bohr var en av århundradets främsta vetenskapspersoner. Han bidrog i högsta grad till att ge fysikerna en ny världsbild skild från det mekaniska universum som Newton byggt upp. Under och talen gjordes fler omstörtande upptäckter inom fysiken på kortare tid än någonsin tidigare. Den österrikiske tronföljaren Franz Ferdinand och hans fru Sophie besökte Sarajevo den 28 juni Vladimir Lenin och bolsjevikerna tog makten i Ryssland genom oktoberrevolutionen , en händelse När amerikanen Samuel Morse år hade sin telegraf färdig, blev han den förste som visade hur en Under talet växte den moderna kemin fram. Men kemins historia började egentligen långt innan Kärnkraft är en process där man klyver uranatomer för att utvinna värme, som sedan omvandlas till Kärnvapen är ett samlingsnamn för explosiva vapen vars förstörelsekraft skapas av kärnenergi.

Mattias, Anna och Kristoffer pratar om kärnkraft. Vad är kärnkraft? Varför är den så politiskt kontroversiell? Vilka fördelar finns det? Niels Bohr - vägen till atomernas innersta Den danske fysikern Niels Bohr var så känd att det räckte att skicka ett brev med texten Niels Bohr, Danmark för att det skulle komma fram. Han hade gjort banbrytande insatser när det gällde att förklara hur atomerna var uppbyggda och utvecklat kvantfysiken vars grund lagts av Max Planck och Albert Einstein. Under andra världskriget ockuperades Danmark av tyskarna. Bohr som hade judisk bakgrund måste fly, en flykt som höll på att kosta honom livet eftersom han inte uppfattade en order från flyktplanets kapten. Bohr hjälpte USA att utveckla atombomben men fruktade det nya vapnets styrka och ville att de allierade skulle dela de upptäckter de gjort med hela världen. Bild: Okänd. Data och fakta. Flykten Kort därefter fortsatte Bohr till Storbritannien. Elektronerna När Niels Bohr flydde, var han en av världens mest framstående vetenskapspersoner.

Bohr föddes Hans far var universitetsprofessor, och modern var från en känd judisk familj. Vad är en atom? Mumlande talare Bohr fick uppdrag som föreläsare först i Köpenhamn och sedan i Manchester, där Rutherford arbetade. Heisenbergs teori En av de studenter som kom till Köpenhamn var tysken Werner Heisenberg, och han lämnade avgörande bidrag till kvantfysiken. Vetenskapliga strider Bohrs och Heisenbergs teorier om omöjligheten att förutsäga en elektrons rörelse genom mätningar kallas Köpenhamnstolkningen, och den väckte våldsamt motstånd, speciellt bland forskare som var vana vid den klassiska fysik som grundats av Newton. Teorin för atombomb Som vi såg flydde Bohr från Danmark under tyskarnas ockupation. Uppgifter och frågor Frågor till texten: När och var föddes Niels Bohr? Vilket år fick Bohr Nobelpriset i fysik och för vad? Rutherfords modell för hur en atom är uppbyggd hade ett avgörande fel. Vilket bidrag gav Bohr till utvecklingen av kärnkraft?

Varför måste Bohr fly från Danmark under andra världskriget? Beskriv i korta drag Heisenbergs osäkerhetsprincip. Varför menade Bohr att elektronen kunde ses både som en partikel och en vågrörelse? Hur förklarade Bohr vad som händer när en atom bestrålas? Text: Kaj Hildingson, journalist och läromedelsförfattare. Spara som favorit. Vem var Che Guevara? Vem var Mahatma Ghandi? Greta Garbo - den hemlighetsfulla filmikonen. Kata Dalström - borgarmadamen som blev socialistisk agitator. Patrice Lumumba - Kongos mördade frihetshjälte. Fakta om Anne Frank. Fakta om Nelson Mandela. Fakta om Katarina Taikon. Fakta om Mahatma Gandhi. Fakta om Olof Palme. Från industrisamhälle till tjänstesamhälle. Dag Hammarskjöld - med världen på sina axlar. Gustaf V - tennis, kärlekssorg och förlorad kungamakt. Signe Bergman - och systrarna i rösträttskampen. Josephine Baker - superstjärnan som blev spion. Kortfattat om Rosa Parks. Von Stauffenberg och juliattentatet.

Elsa Laula Renberg - rebellen från Sápmi. Selma Lagerlöf - kärlek, kvinnor och banbrytande konst. Martin Luther King - kampen, drömmen och det brutala motståndet. Carmen Miranda - sambadrottningen som dansade med döden. Gertrude Stein - modernismens matriark. Charlie Chaplin - från rännstensunge till Hollywoods hetaste. Elise Ottesen Jensen - sexuell frihet, syndikalism och sedlighetsbrott. Franklin D Roosevelt - kampen mot depressionen och striden för demokratin. Amelia Earhart - flygpionjären som försvann spårlöst. Haile Selassie - dyrkad kejsare och hatad despot. Coco Chanel - framgång till varje pris. Pu Yi - Kinas siste kejsare. Karin Boye - dikter, damer och depression. Josef Stalin, del 1: Uppväxt och barndom. Josef Stalin, del 2: Ryska revolutionen. Gavrilo Princip ångrar ingenting Den österrikiske tronföljaren Franz Ferdinand och hans fru Sophie besökte Sarajevo den 28 juni Vattenkraft i modern tid: Ångmaskinen och vattenkraftverk Omkring år var vattenkraften Europas viktigaste energikälla.

His essay, which he submitted at the last minute, won the prize. He later submitted an improved version of the paper to the Royal Society in London for publication in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Harald became the first of the two Bohr brothers to earn a master's degree , which he earned for mathematics in April Niels took another nine months to earn his on the electron theory of metals, a topic assigned by his supervisor, Christiansen. Bohr subsequently elaborated his master's thesis into his much-larger Doctor of Philosophy dr. He surveyed the literature on the subject, settling on a model postulated by Paul Drude and elaborated by Hendrik Lorentz , in which the electrons in a metal are considered to behave like a gas. Bohr extended Lorentz's model, but was still unable to account for phenomena like the Hall effect , and concluded that electron theory could not fully explain the magnetic properties of metals.

The thesis was accepted in April , [11] and Bohr conducted his formal defence on 13 May. Harald had received his doctorate the previous year. In , the Dutch physicist Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen would independently derive a theorem in Bohr's thesis that is today known as the Bohr—Van Leeuwen theorem. Years later, his brother Harald similarly left the church before getting married. He was placed in an institution away from his family's home at the age of four and died from childhood meningitis six years later. A son of Aage, Vilhem A. In September , Bohr, supported by a fellowship from the Carlsberg Foundation , travelled to England, where most of the theoretical work on the structure of atoms and molecules was being done. He attended lectures on electromagnetism given by James Jeans and Joseph Larmor , and did some research on cathode rays , but failed to impress Thomson. Bohr returned to Denmark in July for his wedding, and travelled around England and Scotland on his honeymoon.

On his return, he became a privatdocent at the University of Copenhagen, giving lectures on thermodynamics. Martin Knudsen put Bohr's name forward for a docent , which was approved in July , and Bohr then began teaching medical students. Planetary models of atoms were not new, but Bohr's treatment was. This became a basis for what is now known as the old quantum theory. In , Johann Balmer had come up with his Balmer series to describe the visible spectral lines of a hydrogen atom:. In the first paper of his trilogy, Bohr was able to derive it from his model:. The model's first hurdle was the Pickering series , lines which did not fit Balmer's formula. When challenged on this by Alfred Fowler , Bohr replied that they were caused by ionised helium , helium atoms with only one electron. The Bohr model was found to work for such ions. Bohr did not enjoy teaching medical students.

Niels Bohr - Wikipedia

He decided to return to Manchester, where Rutherford had offered him a job as a reader in place of Darwin, whose tenure had expired. Bohr accepted. He took a leave of absence from the University of Copenhagen, which he started by taking a holiday in Tyrol with his brother Harald and aunt Hanna Adler. There, he visited the University of Göttingen and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , where he met Sommerfeld and conducted seminars on the trilogy. The First World War broke out while they were in Tyrol, greatly complicating the trip back to Denmark and Bohr's subsequent voyage with Margrethe to England, where he arrived in October They stayed until July , by which time he had been appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, a position created especially for him. His docentship was abolished at the same time, so he still had to teach physics to medical students. New professors were formally introduced to King Christian X , who expressed his delight at meeting such a famous football player.

He gained the support of the Danish government and the Carlsberg Foundation, and sizeable contributions were also made by industry and private donors, many of them Jewish. Legislation establishing the institute was passed in November His family moved into an apartment on the first floor. Bohr became widely appreciated as their congenial host and eminent colleague. The Bohr model worked well for hydrogen and ionized single electron Helium which impressed Einstein, [55] [56] but could not explain more complex elements. By , Bohr was moving away from the idea that electrons orbited the nucleus and developed heuristics to describe them. The rare-earth elements posed a particular classification problem for chemists, because they were so chemically similar. An important development came in with Wolfgang Pauli 's discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle , which put Bohr's models on a firm theoretical footing. Bohr was then able to declare that the as-yet-undiscovered element 72 was not a rare-earth element, but an element with chemical properties similar to those of zirconium.

Elements had been predicted and discovered since by chemical properties [57] and Bohr was immediately challenged by the French chemist Georges Urbain , who claimed to have discovered a rare-earth element 72, which he called "celtium". Starting with a clear idea of the chemical properties of the unknown element greatly simplified the search process. They went through samples from Copenhagen's Museum of Mineralogy looking for a zirconium-like element and soon found it. The element, which they named hafnium Hafnia being the Latin name for Copenhagen turned out to be more common than gold. In Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them". For his Nobel lecture, Bohr gave his audience a comprehensive survey of what was then known about the structure of the atom, including the correspondence principle , which he had formulated. This states that the behaviour of systems described by quantum theory reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers.

The discovery of Compton scattering by Arthur Holly Compton in convinced most physicists that light was composed of photons , and that energy and momentum were conserved in collisions between electrons and photons. In , Bohr, Kramers and John C. It was more a programme than a full physical theory, as the ideas it developed were not worked out quantitatively. BKS theory became the final attempt at understanding the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the basis of the old quantum theory, in which quantum phenomena were treated by imposing quantum restrictions on a classical wave description of the electromagnetic field. Modelling atomic behaviour under incident electromagnetic radiation using "virtual oscillators" at the absorption and emission frequencies, rather than the different apparent frequencies of the Bohr orbits, led Max Born, Werner Heisenberg and Kramers to explore different mathematical models. They led to the development of matrix mechanics , the first form of modern quantum mechanics.

The BKS theory also generated discussion of, and renewed attention to, difficulties in the foundations of the old quantum theory. The next month, Bohr travelled to Leiden to attend celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Hendrick Lorentz receiving his doctorate. When his train stopped in Hamburg , he was met by Wolfgang Pauli and Otto Stern , who asked for his opinion of the spin theory. Bohr pointed out that he had concerns about the interaction between electrons and magnetic fields. Bohr then had Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit incorporate this into their paper. Thus, when he met Werner Heisenberg and Pascual Jordan in Göttingen on the way back, he had become, in his own words, "a prophet of the electron magnet gospel". Heisenberg first came to Copenhagen in , then returned to Göttingen in June , shortly thereafter developing the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. When he showed his results to Max Born in Göttingen, Born realised that they could best be expressed using matrices.

This work attracted the attention of the British physicist Paul Dirac , [68] who came to Copenhagen for six months in September Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger also visited in His attempt at explaining quantum physics in classical terms using wave mechanics impressed Bohr, who believed it contributed "so much to mathematical clarity and simplicity that it represents a gigantic advance over all previous forms of quantum mechanics". When Kramers left the institute in to take up a chair as professor of theoretical physics at the Utrecht University , Bohr arranged for Heisenberg to return and take Kramers's place as a lektor at the University of Copenhagen. Bohr became convinced that light behaved like both waves and particles and, in , experiments confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that matter like electrons also behaved like waves. In February , Heisenberg developed the first version of the uncertainty principle , presenting it using a thought experiment where an electron was observed through a gamma-ray microscope.

Bohr was dissatisfied with Heisenberg's argument, since it required only that a measurement disturb properties that already existed, rather than the more radical idea that the electron's properties could not be discussed at all apart from the context they were measured in. In a paper presented at the Volta Conference at Como in September , Bohr emphasized that Heisenberg's uncertainty relations could be derived from classical considerations about the resolving power of optical instruments. Philosophical issues that arose from the novel aspects of quantum mechanics became widely celebrated subjects of discussion. Einstein and Bohr had good-natured arguments over such issues throughout their lives. In Carl Jacobsen , the heir to Carlsberg breweries , bequeathed his mansion the Carlsberg Honorary Residence, currently known as Carlsberg Academy to be used for life by the Dane who had made the most prominent contribution to science, literature or the arts, as an honorary residence Danish: Æresbolig.

He and his family moved there in By the phenomenon of beta decay prompted Bohr to again suggest that the law of conservation of energy be abandoned, but Enrico Fermi 's hypothetical neutrino and the subsequent discovery of the neutron provided another explanation. This prompted Bohr to create a new theory of the compound nucleus in , which explained how neutrons could be captured by the nucleus. In this model, the nucleus could be deformed like a drop of liquid. He worked on this with a new collaborator, the Danish physicist Fritz Kalckar, who died suddenly in The discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn in December and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner generated intense interest among physicists. Bohr thought about it for a few minutes and then announced to Placzek, Léon Rosenfeld and John Wheeler that "I have understood everything. In April , John R. Dunning demonstrated that Bohr was correct. Heisenberg said of Bohr that he was "primarily a philosopher, not a physicist".

In the enclosed letter, Bohr wrote, "It is the only thing I have to send home; but I do not believe that it would be very easy to find anything better I even think it is one of the most delightful things I have ever read. There has been some dispute over the extent to which Kierkegaard influenced Bohr's philosophy and science. David Favrholdt argued that Kierkegaard had minimal influence over Bohr's work, taking Bohr's statement about disagreeing with Kierkegaard at face value, [91] while Jan Faye argued that one can disagree with the content of a theory while accepting its general premises and structure. There has been much subsequent debate and discussion about Bohr's views and philosophy of quantum mechanics.

Bohrs atommodel

Furthermore, though some have seen Bohr as being a subjectivist or a positivist , most philosophers agree that this is a misunderstanding of Bohr as he never argued for verificationism or for the idea that the subject had a direct impact on the outcome of a measurement. Bohr has often been quoted as saying that there is "no quantum world" but only an "abstract quantum physical description". This was not said by Bohr, but rather by Aage Petersen attempting to summarize Bohr's philosophy in a reminiscence after Bohr's death. David Mermin recalled Victor Weisskopf declaring that Bohr wouldn't have said anything of the sort and exclaiming, "Shame on Aage Petersen for putting those ridiculous words in Bohr's mouth! Numerous scholars have argued that the philosophy of Immanuel Kant had a strong influence on Bohr. Like Kant, Bohr thought distinguishing between the subject's experience and the object was an important condition for attaining knowledge. This can only be done through the use of causal and spatial-temporal concepts to describe the subject's experience.

Bohr held that basic concepts like "time" are built in to our ordinary language and that the concepts of classical physics are merely a refinement of them. Bohr writes:. It is decisive to recognize that, however far the phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. The argument is simply that by the word 'experiment' we refer to a situation where we can tell to others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangement and of the results of the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics APHK , p. According to Faye, there are various explanations for why Bohr believed that classical concepts were necessary for describing quantum phenomena. Faye groups explanations into five frameworks: empiricism i. Atoms are neither heuristic nor logical constructions.

Faye notes that Bohr's interpretation makes no reference to a "collapse of the wave function during measurements" and indeed, he never mentioned this idea. Instead, Bohr "accepted the Born statistical interpretation because he believed that the ψ -function has only a symbolic meaning and does not represent anything real. A much debated point in recent literature is what Bohr believed about atoms and their reality and whether they are something else than what they seem to be. Some like Henry Folse argue that Bohr saw a distinction between observed phenomena and a transcendental reality. Jan Faye disagrees with this position and holds that for Bohr, the quantum formalism and complementarity was the only thing we could say about the quantum world and that "there is no further evidence in Bohr's writings indicating that Bohr would attribute intrinsic and measurement-independent state properties to atomic objects though quite unintelligible and inaccessible to us in addition to the classical ones being manifested in measurement.

The rise of Nazism in Germany prompted many scholars to flee their countries, either because they were Jewish or because they were political opponents of the Nazi regime. In , the Rockefeller Foundation created a fund to help support refugee academics, and Bohr discussed this programme with the President of the Rockefeller Foundation, Max Mason , in May during a visit to the United States. Bohr offered the refugees temporary jobs at the institute, provided them with financial support, arranged for them to be awarded fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, and ultimately found them places at institutions around the world. In this form, they were stored on a shelf at the Institute until after the war, when the gold was precipitated and the medals re-struck by the Nobel Foundation. Bohr's own medal had been donated to an auction to the Finnish Relief Fund , and was auctioned off in March , along with the medal of August Krogh.

Niels Bohr - vägen till atomernas innersta | Historia | SO-rummet

The buyer later donated the two medals to the Danish Historical Museum in Frederiksborg Castle , where they are still kept. Bohr kept the Institute running, but all the foreign scholars departed. Bohr was aware of the possibility of using uranium to construct an atomic bomb , referring to it in lectures in Britain and Denmark shortly before and after the war started, but he did not believe that it was technically feasible to extract a sufficient quantity of uranium During this meeting the two men took a private moment outside, the content of which has caused much speculation, as both gave differing accounts. According to Heisenberg, he began to address nuclear energy, morality and the war, to which Bohr seems to have reacted by terminating the conversation abruptly while not giving Heisenberg hints about his own opinions. Heisenberg explained that he had visited Copenhagen to communicate to Bohr the views of several German scientists, that production of a nuclear weapon was possible with great efforts, and this raised enormous responsibilities on the world's scientists on both sides.

Michael Frayn 's play Copenhagen explores what might have happened at the meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr. In September , word reached Bohr and his brother Harald that the Nazis considered their family to be Jewish, since their mother was Jewish, and that they were therefore in danger of being arrested. The Danish resistance helped Bohr and his wife escape by sea to Sweden on 29 September. On 2 October , Swedish radio broadcast that Sweden was ready to offer asylum, and the mass rescue of the Danish Jews by their countrymen followed swiftly thereafter. Some historians claim that Bohr's actions led directly to the mass rescue, while others say that, though Bohr did all that he could for his countrymen, his actions were not a decisive influence on the wider events. By flying at high speed and high altitude, they could cross German-occupied Norway, and yet avoid German fighters. Bohr, equipped with parachute, flying suit and oxygen mask, spent the three-hour flight lying on a mattress in the aircraft's bomb bay.

He passed out from oxygen starvation and only revived when the aircraft descended to lower altitude over the North Sea. Bohr was warmly received by James Chadwick and Sir John Anderson , but for security reasons Bohr was kept out of sight. He was given an apartment at St James's Palace and an office with the British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons development team. Bohr was astonished at the amount of progress that had been made. Groves Jr. Bohr did not remain at Los Alamos, but paid a series of extended visits over the course of the next two years. Robert Oppenheimer credited Bohr with acting "as a scientific father figure to the younger men", most notably Richard Feynman. Bohr recognised early that nuclear weapons would change international relations. In April , he received a letter from Peter Kapitza , written some months before when Bohr was in Sweden, inviting him to come to the Soviet Union. The letter convinced Bohr that the Soviets were aware of the Anglo-American project, and would strive to catch up.

He sent Kapitza a non-committal response, which he showed to the authorities in Britain before posting. Oppenheimer suggested that Bohr visit President Franklin D. Roosevelt to convince him that the Manhattan Project should be shared with the Soviets in the hope of speeding up its results. Roosevelt suggested that Bohr return to the United Kingdom to try to win British approval. In June , Bohr addressed an "Open Letter" to the United Nations calling for international cooperation on nuclear energy. This award was normally awarded only to royalty and heads of state, but the king said that it honoured not just Bohr personally, but Danish science. The Second World War demonstrated that science, and physics in particular, now required considerable financial and material resources. To avoid a brain drain to the United States, twelve European countries banded together to create CERN , a research organisation along the lines of the national laboratories in the United States, designed to undertake Big Science projects beyond the resources of any one of them alone.

Questions soon arose regarding the best location for the facilities. Bohr and Kramers felt that the Institute in Copenhagen would be the ideal site. Pierre Auger , who organised the preliminary discussions, disagreed; he felt that both Bohr and his Institute were past their prime, and that Bohr's presence would overshadow others. The enthusiasm and ideas of the other people would not have been enough, however, if a man of his stature had not supported it. Meanwhile, Scandinavian countries formed the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics in , with Bohr as its chairman. He was also involved with the founding of the Research Establishment Risø of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission , and served as its first chairman from February Bohr died of heart failure at his home in Carlsberg on 18 November Years later, his wife's ashes were also interred there. Bohr received numerous honours and accolades. He became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in , [] an international member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in , [] a member of the Royal Society in , [] an international member of the American Philosophical Society in , [] and an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Several other countries have also issued postage stamps depicting Bohr.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource. Danish physicist — For other uses, see Bohr disambiguation. Copenhagen , Denmark. Physics contributions. Margrethe Nørlund. Thomson Ernest Rutherford. Ernest Rutherford Harald Høffding. Main article: Bohr model. Bohr is on the right in the middle row, next to Max Born. See also: List of things named after Niels Bohr. Copenhagen: Københavns Stadsarkiv. Station Dødeblade indeholder afdøde i perioden. Filmrulle Registerblad ID Archived from the original on 29 November Dart, James 27 July The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June Niels Bohr Institute. Retrieved 14 February Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 August Retrieved 17 July Retrieved 19 October Retrieved 10 November Archived from the original on 18 April Retrieved 12 February Philosophical Magazine.

Bibcode : PMag ISSN University of Chicago Press. ISBN Bohr, "Atomic Structure," Nature, Letter dated 14 February Archived from the original on 5 April Retrieved 11 May Archived from the original PDF on 22 May Retrieved 18 February Bibcode : Sci